Lake County, Oregon

 

 

 

Introduction

Oregon’s child welfare agency (the State Office for Services to Children and Families or SOSCF) serves abusive families, neglectful families, overwhelmed families, families in crisis, and families with children exhibiting extreme behaviors. There are 40 SOSCF branch offices located throughout Oregon. Caseworkers in those offices assess allegations of maltreatment, provide services, arrange services for the parents and children, identify and assess prospective foster parents, identify and assess prospective adoptive parents, interact with the court system and police, and assure children and parents are provided the necessities to improve the likelihood of family reunification. Caseworkers must continually balance the benefits of reunifying families with the likelihood of subsequent maltreatment.

The Child Welfare Partnership (CWP) at Portland State University provides educational, training, and research assistance to SOSCF. The research component of the CWP conducts research to recognize the changing client population, provide statistical models for deploying and redeploying staff, and optimizing the use of limited resources. These studies enable SOSCF administration to make informed decisions about serving this needy population of Oregonians.

This report profiles the client population served by SOSCF branch offices. The “Cohort Studies” profile a group of children entering substitute care during a period of time. This report profiles children entering long-term foster care from mid-1992 to 1995; the profiles include parental problems or conditions, child problems, child’s age, severity of maltreatment, barriers affecting family reunification, and services offered to families. The long-term population profiled in this report are children who are in care for at least 14 days during the year after their removal. About 80% of the children entering foster care in Oregon are considered long-term cases; the remaining 20% are quickly returned home and do not remain in foster care for an extended period.

Methods

The average branch office removes between 125 and 150 children per year. Some larger branch offices place over 300 children while some smaller offices place fewer than 30 children per year. A random sample of children entering foster care in a branch office are identified and their records are reviewed. The case file review includes the period from first allegation to one year post-removal. The case records include legal material, medical information, financial information, demographic data, correspondence, service involvement, and descriptions of reported maltreatment.

Reason for Removal

Children enter foster care for a multitude of reasons. These many reasons have been consolidated into 10 categories including physical abuse, mental abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, parental absence, threat of harm, child’s treatment needs, parent’s treatment needs, voluntary request for placement, and child’s behavior. All abusive and neglectful categories reflect caretaker maltreatment of a child. Each category is briefly defined below although more detail is available on the Partnership’s website (http://www.cwp.pdx.edu/). Most physical abuse involves bruises, broken bones, burns, facial slapping, over discipline, shaken baby, and drug exposed or drug affected infants harmed by maternal consumption of drugs during pregnancy. Mental or emotional abuse includes continual belittlement, yelling, or extended periods of isolation. Sexual abuse includes fondling, penetration, exposure to inappropriate sexual acts or using children to produce pornographic material. Neglect is primarily poor household sanitation, lack a supervision, and inadequate response to a child’s medical needs. Parental absence includes parental incarceration, and children left with babysitters when the parent does not return at the prescribed time. Threat of harm is a caretakers failure to protect a child from a known perpetrator. Child’s treatment issues include children requiring residential treatment for behavioral problems, child sexual offenders requiring treatment, and children requiring hospitalization for mental or medical problems. Parental treatment issues include the hospitalization of a parent for drug/alcohol problems, mental problems requiring extensive treatment, or medical problems requiring convalescence. Voluntary request for placement are situations where a parent requests foster care although no maltreatment has occurred; these situations are not common and are often referred to other community resources. Child’s behavior issues generally involve out-of-control teenagers sometimes involved with criminal activities.

Child's Age Groups

There are approximately 70 million children in the United States and about 825,000 live in Oregon. Children ages 0-17 years represent about 26% of the population in the United States and in Oregon.

In Oregon, children ages 0-4 years represent 29% of the child population, children ages 5-9 years represent 28% of the child population, children 10-14 years represent 28% of the child population, and children 15-17 years represent 16% of the child population. For the population of children entering foster care, nearly half are 0-5 years, 29% are ages 6-12 years, and 23% are ages 13-17 years. A disproportionate number of preschool children are in long-term foster care. Reuniting families with young children is a difficult decision -- the youngest children are the most vulnerable to serious maltreatment, however, parent-child bonding is most important when children are young.

The age of the child victim is one of the most important variables in child welfare. The age of children entering care is continually decreasing as limited resources prohibit serving all needy children and families. SOSCF is forced to prioritize families with the greatest need or most likely to severely maltreat their child. This trend is expected to continue as the demand for child welfare services continues to outstrip the agency’s ability to serve maltreating families.

Level of Vulnerability

SOSCF’s vulnerability system was created nearly 10 years ago to recognize the changing client population. Although numerous child and family characteristics are considered when categorizing a child’s vulnerability, child’s age and severity of maltreatment are the major considerations. There are seven levels in the vulnerability system. Younger and more severely maltreated children are identified as more vulnerable (levels 1-3) and older less severely maltreated children are identified as less vulnerable (levels 4-7).

Level 1 cases involve the most severe types of child maltreatment. Child maltreatment related fatalities, fractured skulls, brain damaged children resulting from shaken baby syndrome, severely drug affected infants, abandoned children, and severely sexually abused children are all considered level 1. Level 2 cases involve younger children exposed to chronic neglect, severe emotional abuse, moderate physical abuse, and children left with babysitters whose parents do not return. Level 3 cases often involve treatment for children or treatment for parents. Children with severe emotional disturbances, physical/medical handicaps, mental problems, and child sexual offenders requiring treatment are all considered level 3. In addition, parental incarceration, parental hospitalization, and parental detoxification treatment are all categorized as level 3. Level 4 cases are milder forms of child maltreatment to young children (ages 0-5 years) and more severe forms of child maltreatment to older children (ages 13-17 years). Level 5 and level 6 cases include mild and moderate maltreatment to older children. Level 7 cases have traditionally been recognized as out of control teenagers. In addition to the chronic acting out teenagers, level 7 cases involve mild physical abuse, mild neglect, juvenile delinquents, and voluntary requests for placement. Fewer and fewer level 7 children are being served by SOSCF; other community agencies are provided resources to serve this population of children and parents.

Child Problems

Many children entering foster care exhibit behaviors. Some child behaviors are related to maltreatment while other behaviors reflect poor parenting of the caretakers. Many of the problems or behaviors require extensive treatment and affect the child’s ability to maximize their potential and become productive citizens.

Most of the older children entering foster care exhibit problems. Although younger children tend to exhibit fewer problems, many younger children later develop behaviors or problems related to the maltreatment. Thus, although 85% of the children entering foster care do exhibit problems, some not identified with problems will later exhibit problems. These estimates are considered conservative and reflect the proportion of children entering foster care who exhibit problems in the year after the removal.

Problems exhibited by children entering foster care are important to profile. More problematic children require more extensive treatment and require more skilled providers. Foster parents will need more training and skills, residential treatment facilities will require more intensive services for more extended periods, and matching of children to prospective adoptive families will require more efforts to minimize disruption rates.

Family Factors

Parents who maltreat children are often afflicted with problems or conditions known as family factors. The Cohort Studies recognize about three dozen different family factors including parental drug involvement, domestic violence, criminal involvement, alcohol abuse, mental illness, unemployment, and homelessness. Monitoring family characteristics enables SOSCF and their community partners to develop programs and services that meet the changing needs of the client population.

Some family factors increase the likelihood a child will be placed in foster care; other family factors increase the likelihood a child will be seriously maltreated. Unemployment, drug/alcohol involvement, criminal involvement, and inadequate housing increase the likelihood of a foster care placement. These family factors are much more common with the population of children in foster care than the population being served in-home. There are other parental characteristics associated with the risk of serious maltreatment. Mothers with young infants who are mentally ill are more susceptible to seriously maltreating their child. Father figures who are criminally involved and prone to violent acts are more likely to seriously maltreat a child.

The factors below include the more important factors associated with risk of a child entering foster care and /or risk of serious maltreatment. When these factors are common in a community, the number of children entering care and the number of serious maltreatment cases are expected to be higher than other communities.

Parental Barriers

There were over 5,400 children placed in foster care in 1996 and over 80% were in foster care for at least 14 days during the year after the removal; about 40% return to the same caretaker(s). Those not returned to the same caretaker(s) are adopted, placed with relatives, placed with a different biological parent, emancipate, or return home more than a year after placement into foster care. Every family has identified “barriers” that influence whether a child is returned home to the same caretaker(s). An incarcerated parent might be released from jail, a sexual offender may leave the family, a parent’s mental condition might prohibit family reunification, and a homeless family might find suitable housing -- resolution of these “barriers” determines if a child returns home. Barriers are generally a limited number of family problems or situations directly associated with a child’s return home. Most problems or situations that prevent family reunification are parental; child problems generally do not prevent family reunification.

All barriers influencing a child’s return home have been identified for each family. When a single barrier is selected for children not returning home, the most important barriers preventing family reunification can be identified. Parental drug involvement (27%), a parent unwilling to be a parental resource (10%), a parent who cannot be located (7%), mental condition (7%), chronic neglect (6%), and alcohol abuse (6%) are the most important parental barriers that prevent a child from returning home. Communities where these barriers are common will have more difficulty returning children home.

Parental Services

Maltreating parents usually require a lifestyle or behavioral change to adequately parent their child. Services provided by SOSCF, organizations contracted with SOSCF, other state agencies, the federal government, and SOSCF’s community partners provide an array of services intended to resolve problems and improve parenting. In addition to the services provided to parents, abused and neglected children are provided services to help mitigate the effects of child maltreatment and modify detrimental behaviors.

There are 38 different services provided to maltreating parents that are recognized by the Cohort Study. The fifteen most common services constitute 80% of the services provided. The average family is provided with four services to the parent(s). About 50% of those services are completed by either parent, about 25% are partially competed, and about 25% are not attended.

Most of the common services listed below are associated with promoting family reunification or minimizing re-abuse. Visitation, parent training, drug/alcohol treatment, counseling, and alcoholics/narcotics anonymous are all associated with higher return home rates. Low return home rates are associated with parents who do not participate with services. Although many services are associated with increased numbers of children returning home, fewer services are associated with lower re-abuse rates. Parent training, drug/alcohol inpatient treatment, individual counseling, and alcoholic/narcotics anonymous are all associated with lower re-abuse rates. Most services require full parental participation to decrease re-abuse rate. A full report on service effectiveness can be obtained from the Child Welfare Partnership (503-315-4268).

Child Services

Eighty-five percent of the children entering foster care exhibit problems. SOSCF and other social services agencies provide treatment services to abused children, neglected children, and children considered dangerous to themselves or others. There are 26 different services provided to children that are recognized in the Cohort Studies. Although one-quarter of the children in foster care receive no services, child’s age influences the number and types of services offered to children.

Children ages 0-5 years average one services in the year after their removal, children ages 6-12 years average 1.9 services, and children ages 13-17 years average 2.2 services. The most common services provided in all age groups is individual counseling. Individual counseling to very young children might be substantially different from individual counseling provided to a teenager. About half the children ages 6-12 years are provided individual counseling, about one in five receives a psychological examination, and about 1 in 6 receive an individualized education plan (IEP). These three services represent about half the services provided to children ages 6-12 years. Children ages 13-17 years are the smallest population of children entering foster care yet each child tends to receive more services. Individual counseling is provided to half the children ages 13-17 years, one-quarter are provided psychological examinations and residential treatment, about 16% receive independent living, and about one in nine receive drug/alcohol treatment, an individualized education plan, sexual abuse treatment, and drug/alcohol evaluations.

Lake Summary

The Child Welfare Partnership at Portland State University reviewed 2,450 cases of children entering long term foster care for the State Office for Services to Children and Families. Forty-four cases of children entering long term foster care in Lake County were included in this sample. Long term cases are children who are placed in foster care for at least 14 days in the year after the removal. Children entering foster care between July 1992 and December 1995 are included in this report. This summary profiles children entering foster care in Lake County and compares that profile to the state profile. The information gleaned from case records includes the type of maltreatment prompting the foster care placement, the severity of the maltreatment, the child's problems, family factors, barriers to returning children home, and services offered to families.

The most common reasons children enter foster care in Oregon include neglect (25%), parental absence (17%), threat of harm (13%), physical abuse (11%), and treatment issues of the child (11%). These five reasons account for 77% of the removals statewide and 72% of removals in Lake County. Although reasons children enter foster care in Lake County are similar to the reasons children enter foster care in Oregon there are some differences. Fewer children enter care in Lake County due to neglect (21%), parental absence (14%) and child treatment issues (5%) when compared to the state profile. And, more children enter care in Lake County due to threat of harm (16%), parental treatment needs (14% verse 8% statewide) and physical abuse (16% versus 11%). Parental absence includes cases of parental incarceration and leaving children with a baby-sitter beyond the prescribed time. Threat of harm include situations where children are at risk yet maltreatment has not occurred (e.g. a known perpetrator is residing in the home). Children entering care due to sexual abuse is 6% statewide, this estimate is slightly more prevalent in Lake County (9%).

The child’s age is an important consideration when assessing cases of child abuse and neglect. Young children are more vulnerable but need more interaction with parents to become attached. Older children are less vulnerable and better able to verbalize their preferences. In Oregon 48% of children entering long term foster care are ages 0-5 years, 29% are ages 6-12 years and 23% are ages 13-17 years. In Lake County, 44% are ages 0-5 years, 44% are ages 6-12 years, and 12% are ages 13-17 years. Thus, the population of children entering foster care in Lake County tends to be younger with almost half the children being preschool age.

The “level of vulnerability” is a seven level system that enables child welfare experts to recognize the changing client population. The primary considerations for categorizing a case as level 1-7 includes the severity of maltreatment and the age of the child. Younger and more severely maltreated children are identified as the most vulnerable (levels 1-3) while the older and less severely abused children are considered the least vulnerable (levels 4-7). Statewide almost 82% of children are categorized as levels 1-3, this estimate is similar for children entering care in Lake (81%). The proportion of cases in Lake County is slightly higher for level 1, and lower for levels 2 and 3 when compared to the statewide estimate. In addition, the proportion of level 4, level 6, and level 7 cases are comparable to the state profile.

Each level of vulnerability contains numerous sub levels that precisely describe why the child entered foster care. Severe sexual abuse (16%) and severe physical abuse (5%) are the most common reasons children who are categorized as level 1 enter foster care in Lake County. Severe sexual abuse is less common elsewhere in Oregon (6%), as well as, the proportion of children who are severely physically abused (2.4%). For level 2 cases the most common reason for removal in Oregon is chronic neglect to young children (15%); chronic neglect is slightly less common in Lake County (11%). Desertion (5%), parental mental disability (4%), moderate physical abuse (3%) and moderate sexual abuse (3%) are other common level 2 issues for children entering care in Oregon. In Lake County there were no desertion cases, a slightly higher proportion of parental mental disability (9%), more cases of moderate physical abuse (5%) and the same proportion of moderate sexual abuse cases (2.3%) when compared to the rest of Oregon. For level 3 cases the most common reasons for removal in Oregon include parental incarceration (9%), child requiring residential treatment (7%), and chronic neglect (5%). Parental incarceration (9%), chronic neglect to school aged children (5%), and parental hospitalization/detox (5%) are the most common level 3 issues in Lake County. Level 7 cases include juvenile delinquency, children who are beyond parental control, and moderate physical abuse to adolescents. Although the county and state estimates are similar for juvenile delinquency, chronic acting out youth is a more common reason children enter foster care in Lake County (2.3%).

The effects of abuse, neglect and family separation are associated with children exhibiting problems who enter foster care. Although some children entering foster care were not identified with problems, most children exhibit one or more mental, physical or behavioral problems. About 10% of the children entering foster care do not exhibit problems in Lake County; in Oregon this estimate is somewhat higher (15%). Statewide at slightly above 25% each, the most common child problems identified for all children entering foster care include victim of sexual abuse, angry/aggressive, and out of control/acting out; each of these problems is identified in every one out of four children entering foster care. Although the proportion of sexual abuse victims is higher in Lake County (36%), both angry/aggressive and children beyond parental control are less common. Exposure to domestic violence (21%) is a problem affecting the same proportion of children in Lake County and statewide. Victim of sequential physical abuse (30% verses 19%) suicidal ideation (17% verses 7%), and academically delayed (23% verses 15%) are child problems more common in Lake County when compared to the rest of Oregon.

Parents who maltreat their children often have problems or conditions that affect their parenting. Parental problems and conditions exhibited by the mother figure or father figure are known as family factors. The most prevalent family factor in Lake County is poor parenting (73%) which is similar to the statewide estimate (72%). Neglect, the second most common factor in Oregon (57%) is slightly less pervasive in Lake County (55%). Family factors identified with at least half the families statewide include single parenthood, drug involvement, teenager at first birth, alcohol involvement, and criminal involvement. Compared with the state estimate, Lake County estimates are considerably less for single parenthood (23%) and criminal involvement (21%), higher for alcohol involvement (61%) and comparable for teen at first birth and drug involvement when compared to the statewide estimates. In addition, nearly 40% of the parents statewide are unemployed, this issue is slightly less common in Lake County (36%). Estimates of families with past CPS removals are more common statewide at 39% than in Lake County (32%).

"Barriers" are problems or situations that influence the likelihood a child will be returned home. Generally, barriers are associated with the family factors and the maltreatment prompting the removal. Although both child and parental barriers are recognized, typically the parental barriers are related to a child's return home. The most common parental barriers in Oregon include drug involvement (36%), chronic neglect (19%), and alcohol abuse (16%). The same barriers are common in Lake County, however, drug abuse (21%) is less prevalent, as well as chronic neglect (14%) and alcohol abuse (11%). The low estimate for alcohol involvement as a barrier is somewhat surprising since over 60% of the families have alcohol involvement as a family factor. Support of sexual abuse victim (16% verses 6%), parent allows perpetrator access (18% verses 7%) and sexual offender (23% verses 10%) are all parental barriers more common in Lake County when compared to the state estimate. Other barriers that are more common in Lake County include angry/aggressive behavior (18% verses 12%), mental condition (18% verses 10%) and parental incarceration (14% verses 8%).

Although parental problems and parental barriers determine if most children return home, child barriers do exist in some cases. The most common child barriers in Lake County include child prefers foster care (11%) and unresolved sexual abuse (11%). In Oregon "child prefers foster care" is only 2% and "unresolved sexual abuse" is 7%. Out of control/acting out (12% verses 7%), mental/emotional condition (11% verses 5%), and angry/aggressive behavior (7% verses 5%) are child barriers more common elsewhere in Oregon when compared to Lake County estimates. Forty-six percent of the children entering foster care in Oregon are not identified with barriers; this estimate is similar for children entering foster care in Lake County.

Services are offered to resolve the issues prompting the removal, to minimize the potential for reabuse, to reduce the effects of maltreatment and increase the likelihood of family reunification. Services provided through community agencies and SOSCF include parent training, counseling, psychological examinations, treatment, and support. Visitation is the most common service offered in Lake County (59%) and statewide (68%). Parent training is the second most common service statewide (44%) but, is less common in Lake County (30%). Drug/alcohol evaluations are common in Lake County (27%) and statewide (39%). Drug/alcohol outpatient and inpatient are services offered to about one-fourth of the parents with children entering foster care in Oregon. More outpatient treatment is provided to Lake County parents and the estimate for parents offered inpatient treatment is similar in Lake County when compared to the state estimate. Psychological examinations are offered to 41% of families in Lake County; in Oregon this estimate is 34%. Slightly more than 20% of the parents in Lake County are offered individual counseling, or alcoholics anonymous/narcotics anonymous (AA/NA), and slightly less than 20% are offered mental health intervention, or sexual offender treatment. These four services are offered to fewer parents in Oregon.

Services to children are intended to minimize the effects of maltreatment and modify behavior. The most common service being offered to children statewide is individual counseling (32%). psychological examinations and individual counseling are services offered to 14% of the children entering care in Lake County. Psychological examinations are the second most common service provided to children statewide (15%), and 10% of the children entering foster care are provided Individual education plans (IEP) or residential treatment. In Lake County residential treatment is only provided to 2% of its clientele but the estimate for IEP's is similar to the State. Lastly, 16% of the children entering care in Lake County are offered sexual abuse victim treatment this is slightly more prevalent than the 8% statewide. And statewide about 28% of the children in care did not receive additional services compared to 39% in Lake County.

The Lake County SOSCF branch and their community partners serve families at risk for all types of abuse, protect vulnerable children, and prevent reabuse. By working to diminish abuse and neglect, the agency endeavors to preserve the emotional and physical well being of the children and promote healthier family functioning overall.


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